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"A sweeping history of libertarian thought, from radical anarchists to conservative defenders of the status quoLibertarianism emerged in the mid-nineteenth century with an unwavering commitment to progressive causes, from women's rights and the fight against slavery to anti-colonialism and Irish emancipation. Today, this movement founded on the principle of individual liberty finds itself divided by both progressive and reactionary elements vying to claim it as their own. The Individualists is the untold story of a political doctrine continually reshaped by fierce internal tensions, bold and eccentric personalities, and shifting political circumstances.Matt Zwolinski and John Tomasi trace the history of libertarianism from its origins as a radical progressive ideology in the 1850s to its crisis of identity today. They examine the doctrine's evolution through six defining themes: private property, skepticism of authority, free markets, individualism, spontaneous order, and individual liberty. They show how the movement took a turn toward conservativism during the Cold War, when the dangers of communism at home and abroad came to dominate libertarian thinking. Zwolinski and Tomasi reveal a history that is wider, more diverse, and more contentious than many of us realize.A groundbreaking work of scholarship, The Individualists uncovers the neglected roots of a movement that has championed the poor and marginalized since its founding, but whose talk of equal liberty has often been bent to serve the interests of the rich and powerful"-- "Is libertarianism a progressive doctrine, or a reactionary one? Does libertarianism promise to liberate the poor and the marginalized from the yoke of state oppression, or does talk of "equal liberty" obscure the ways in which libertarian doctrines serve the interests of the rich and powerful? Through an examination of the history of libertarianism, this book argues that the answer is (and always has been): both. In this book we explore the neglected 19th century roots of libertarianism to show that it emerged first as a radical and progressive doctrine. Libertarianism took a conservative turn in the 20th century primarily as a reaction against the rise of state socialism. Now, with international communism no longer a threat, libertarianism is in the midst of an identity crisis, with progressive and reactionary elements struggling to claim the doctrine as their own, most notably on issues of race. This book tells the history of libertarianism through an examination of six defining themes: private property, skepticism of authority, free markets, individualism, spontaneous order, and individual liberty. In doing so, it reveals that history to be longer, wider, and considerably more diverse than is commonly believed. It is a history full of internal tensions, idiosyncratic personalities, and surprising arguments. It is a history of the men (and sometimes women) who called themselves: The Individualists"--

Libertarianism.

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Wild Democracy calls for a more anarchic, more courageous democracy. This is an ethic for people who know the rights they hold, and who struggle to rule themselves. This is an ethic for pirates and rebels; an ethic for those who will not be mastered. Democracy is always a risky business; full of promise and danger. The promise is freedom. The danger is fear: fear of the unknown, fear of the unruly, fear of one another, fear of anarchy. Fear leads to authoritarianism. Anarchy leads to courage, to self-reliance, self-discipline, and self-rule. Liberals and conservatives look to institutions to control an unruly people. Anne Norton's vision of democracy turns on democratic people: on ethics, practices, and the courage to rule ourselves.

Anarchism. --- Democracy. --- Self-government --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Anarchism and anarchists --- Anarchy --- Government, Resistance to --- Libertarianism --- Nihilism --- Socialism

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"A provocative new history of liberalism that also provides a roadmap for today's liberalsFreedom from Fear offers a striking new account of the dominant political and social theory of our time: liberalism. In a pathbreaking reframing of the historical debate, Alan Kahan charts the development of Western liberalism from the late eighteenth century to the present. Examining key liberal thinkers and issues, Kahan shows how liberalism is both a response to fear and a source of hope: the search for a world in which no one need be afraid.Freedom from Fear reveals how liberal arguments typically rely on three pillars: freedom, markets, and morals. But when liberals ignore one or more of these pillars, their arguments generally fail to persuade. Extending from Adam Smith and Montesquieu to today's battles between liberals and populists, the book examines the twists and turns of the "incomplete" or unfinished liberal tradition while demonstrating its fundamental continuity. It combines fresh accounts of familiar figures such as Tocqueville and Rawls with discussions of less-famous but pivotal thinkers such as A. V. Dicey and Jane Addams, and explores how liberals have dealt with crucial issues, from debates over male and female suffrage to colonialism and liberal anti-Catholicism.By transforming our understanding of the history of liberal thought and practice, Freedom from Fear provides a new picture of the political creed today: the paths liberals need to follow, the questions they need to answer, and the dead ends they must avoid-if they are to win"-- "A new history of liberalism which argues that liberalism has been predicated on definite morality and should be viewed as an attempt to encompass both fear and hope. Liberalism, argues Alan Kahan, is the search for a society in which people need not be afraid. Freedom from fear is the most basic freedom. If we are afraid, we are not free. These insights, found in Montesquieu and Judith Shklar, are the foundation of liberalism. What liberals fear has changed over time (revolution, reaction, totalitarianism, religious fanaticism, poverty, and now populism) but the great majority of liberal thinkers have relied on three pillars to ward off their fears and to limit the concentrated power that causes fear: freedom, markets, and morals, or, to put it another way, politics, economics, and religion or morality. Most liberal thinkers emphasize one or two pillars more than another, but it is typical of liberalism down to the Second World War to rely on all three, although there were always minority voices who preferred to stand on only one leg. After WWII, "thin" procedural/market liberals, who wanted to strip any moral or religious basis or purpose from liberalism, dominated "thick" liberal moralists, who thought liberalism needed a moral basis and/or goal. It is the political contention of this book that liberalism is most convincing as program, language, and social analysis when it relies on all three pillars, and that the relative weakness of liberalism at the end of the twentieth century had much to do with neglect of the moral pillar of liberalism. Its historical contention is that for much of the past two centuries it did rely on all three pillars. But Kahan also argues that liberalism is not only a party of fear. It is also a party of hope, or the party of progress. Many of the contradictions typical of liberalism derive from the seemingly contradictory effort to encompass both hope and fear. If in case of conflict fear often trumps hope for liberals (loss aversion applies in politics as much as in economics), and utopia is subject to indefinite postponement, progress in personal autonomy and development has always been at the heart of liberalism. Liberals typically support their hopes on the same three pillars of freedom, markets, and morals which they use to ward off their fears. Nevertheless, in one respect those historians and political theorists who identify liberalism with laissez-faire economics are not wrong. It is characteristic of liberalism then that it bases its hopes not on the state but on civil society, which for liberals is the common source of a free politics, a free market, and of morals. Alan S. Kahan is Professor of History at the Universite de Versailles. His previous books include Tocqueville, Democracy, and Religion: Checks and Balances for Democratic Souls (Oxford 2015), Alexis de Tocqueville (Continuum Books) and Mind vs Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism (Transaction Publishing, 2010)"--

Liberalism --- State, The. --- History. --- A. V. Dicey. --- Bastiat. --- Benjamin Constant. --- Hayek. --- J. S. Mill. --- James Madison. --- Jane Addams Adam Smith. --- John Rawls. --- Liberalism. --- Montesquieu. --- Nozick. --- Tocqueville. --- classical liberalism. --- history of political thought. --- intellectual history. --- political theory: libertarianism. --- populism.

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This book is a socio-philosophical journey across several aspects of our society’s focus on individual freedom, taking cues from some of the most prominent thinkers of our time. The auhtor posits that the human quest for freedom (mostly dominated by the Western culture but by no means confined to the West) has reached its ultimate paradox of making contemporary humans fundamentally unable to act as ecosystems (thus cooperate and collaborate). They have become egosystems, completely centred on the attainment of their own individual satisfaction. The author sees this as the culmination of a rightful quest for self-affirmation, which has been a key driver of progress across human history and by no means a negative one. But the paradox is that such a human-centred notion of freedom and individual accomplishment results in a much reduced ability to operate in sync with others, at the time when mankind would need more cooperation, collaboration and selflessness to address the key challenges it faces (from climate change to inequalities). Through the examination of the broad and interdisciplinary themes typical of social philosophy and the most recent cultural studies, in direct confrontation with the thought of authors such as Lipovetsky and Bauman, Lasch and Beck, Ehrenberg and Han, this book examines shifts in cultural norms at the possible end of a millenary civilization. Matteo Pietropaoli is Adjunct Professor of Political Sociology at Link Campus University of Rome, Italy. He obtained a PhD in Philosophy in 2013 at Sapienza University of Rome and then spent research periods at the Sorbonne Université de Paris, the Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg and the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg. Author of numerous essays in national and international scientific journals, as well as books and translations, from 2018 to 2021 he worked as political-legislative consultant for the Ministry of Education, University and Research (with prof. Lorenzo Fioramonti as Minister) and for the Chamber of Deputies.

Political sociology. --- Culture. --- Sociology—Philosophy. --- Social evolution. --- Political Sociology. --- Sociology of Culture. --- Philosophy of Sociology. --- Cultural Evolution. --- Cultural evolution --- Cultural transformation --- Culture, Evolution of --- Culture --- Evolution --- Social change --- Cultural sociology --- Sociology of culture --- Civilization --- Popular culture --- Mass political behavior --- Political behavior --- Political science --- Sociology --- Social aspects --- Sociological aspects --- Cooperation --- Individualism. --- Social aspects. --- Economics --- Equality --- Self-interest --- Libertarianism --- Personalism --- Persons --- Collaborative economy --- Cooperative distribution --- Cooperative movement --- Distribution, Cooperative --- Peer-to-peer economy --- Sharing economy --- Profit-sharing

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Wengert argues that Melanchthon - conventionally pictured as caught in the middle between Erasmus and Luther - was, at least theologically, not Erasmian at all, but in fact anti-Erasmus. He studies issues of free will and divine and human righteousness.

Liberty --- Free will and determinism --- Justification (Christian theology) --- Righteousness --- Compatibilism --- Determinism and free will --- Determinism and indeterminism --- Free agency --- Freedom and determinism --- Freedom of the will --- Indeterminism --- Liberty of the will --- Determinism (Philosophy) --- Civil liberty --- Emancipation --- Freedom --- Liberation --- Personal liberty --- Democracy --- Natural law --- Political science --- Equality --- Libertarianism --- Social control --- Holiness --- Perfection --- Religious aspects --- History of doctrines --- Christianity --- Melanchthon, Philip, --- Erasmus, Desiderius, --- Melanchthon, Philipp, --- Melancthon, --- Schwartzerd, Philipp, --- Schwartzerdt, Philipp, --- Didymus Faventinus, --- Faventinus, Didymus, --- Melantone, Filippo, --- Melanthon, Philippus, --- Melancton, Philip, --- Melancthon, Philip, --- Melanchton, Philippus, --- Melancthon, Philippe, --- Melankhton, Filipp, --- Erasmus --- Erasmus, Desiderius --- Érasme --- Desiderius Erasmus --- Erasm, Dezideriĭ --- Erasme, Désiré --- Erasmo, --- Erasmo, Desidério --- Erasmus, --- Ėrazm, --- Erazm, --- Roterodamus, Erasmus --- Rotterdamskiĭ, Ėrazm --- Rotterdamský, Erasmus Desiderius --- Роттердамский, Эразм --- Эразм, --- Ерасм, Дезидерий --- Bible. --- Colossians (Book of the New Testament) --- Kolosserbrief (Book of the New Testament) --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- History --- 22.06 <09> --- 2 MELANCHTHON, PHILIPP --- 873.4 ERASMUS ROTERODAMUS, DESIDERIUS:2 --- 873.4 ERASMUS ROTERODAMUS, DESIDERIUS:2 Humanistisch Latijnse literatuur-:-Godsdienst. Theologie--ERASMUS ROTERODAMUS, DESIDERIUS --- Humanistisch Latijnse literatuur-:-Godsdienst. Theologie--ERASMUS ROTERODAMUS, DESIDERIUS --- 2 MELANCHTHON, PHILIPP Godsdienst. Theologie--MELANCHTHON, PHILIPP --- Godsdienst. Theologie--MELANCHTHON, PHILIPP --- Bijbel: exegese-- --- Erasmus Roterodamus, Desiderius --- Melanchthon, Philipp --- Melanchton, Philipp --- Melantton, Philippus --- Melanchthon, Philippus --- Melanchthon, Philipp, - 1497-1560. --- Erasmus, Desiderius, - d. 1536. --- Bible. - N.T. - Colossians - Criticism, interpretation, etc. - History - 16th century. --- Liberty - Religious aspects - Christianity - History of doctrines - 16th century. --- Free will and determinism - Religious aspects - Christianity - History of doctrines - 16th century. --- Justification - History of doctrines - 16th century. --- Righteousness - History of doctrines - 16th century. --- エラスムス, デシデリウス --- Desiderius Erasmus, --- Erasm, Dezideriĭ, --- Erasme, Désiré, --- Erasmo, Desidério, --- Roterodamus, Erasmus, --- Rotterdamskiĭ, Ėrazm, --- Rotterdamský, Erasmus Desiderius, --- Роттердамский, Эразм, --- Ерасм, Дезидерий, --- אראסמוס, דסידריוס, --- Criticism, interpretation, etc